Inflatable artificial sphincter
Definition
An inflatable artificial sphincter is a device used to treat problems with the urinary or rectal sphincter. Sphincters are muscles that allow your body to hold in urine and feces.
Alternative Names
Artificial sphincter - rectal or urinary
Description
Inflatable artificial sphincter surgery is used to treat some types of urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence. The artificial sphincter is inserted into an area of the urinary tract or rectum, depending on the specific problem. The procedure is done under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia.
An artificial sphincter consists of three parts:
- A cuff that fits around the urethra or anal canal (end of large intestine)
- A pressure regulating balloon
- A pump that inflates the cuff
To treat urinary incontinence, the cuff is placed around the urethra. When it is inflated, the urethra will close tightly.
To treat fecal incontinence, the cuff is placed around the anal canal (located between the anus and rectum).
The balloon is placed beneath the abdominal muscles and filled with a liquid.
The pump is placed in the labia for women and in the scrotum for men. Or, the pump may be placed underneath the skin of the abdominal wall or thigh.
Squeezing the pump moves fluid from the cuff to the balloon. This action will allow the sphincter to relax so that you can urinate or have a bowel movement. A cuff around the urethra will reinflate on its own in 90 seconds. The artificial rectal sphincter reinflates in about 5 - 9 minutes.
People having an artificial rectal sphincter may be admitted to the hospital before surgery and receive medications that cleanse the bowel. The bowel cleansing may include a series of enemas and laxatives, followed by antibiotics taken by mouth.
If you had an artificial urinary sphincter placed, you may return from surgery with a Foley catheter in place. This catheter will be removed before you leave the hospital. The artificial sphincter cuff will not be inflated immediately after surgery to allow the tissues to heal. About 6 weeks after surgery, you will be taught how to activate your pump to inflate the artificial sphincter.
Why the Procedure is Performed
An artificial urinary sphincter is used to treat stress incontinence in men that is caused by sphincter dysfunction, such as after prostate surgery. This procedure may also be performed in men and women with sphincter dysfunction related to spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis.
Most experts advise their patients to try medication and bladder retraining therapy before resorting to this treatment. Alternatives to this procedure for men are the male sling or injection of collagen (urethral bulking agent). In women, the pubovaginal sling and collagen injection are alternatives.
An artificial rectal sphincter is used to treat fecal (bowel) incontinence caused by neurological or muscular dysfunction of the sphincter. Once again, it is advised that all potential candidates try bowel and sphincter retraining before resorting to this procedure.
People who are candidates for an artificial sphincter (either the urinary or rectal type), must have the physical ability to use the toilet and manipulate the sphincter. This procedure should not be performed in people who have a:
For the procedure to be performed, you must be treated with antibiotics and be free of any urinary bacteria.
Notify your surgeon if you have an allergy to iodine. The balloon is sometimes filled with an iodine solution.
Risks
Risks for any anesthesia are:
Risks for any surgery are:
Additional risks include:
Outlook (Prognosis)
Studies have found that men who were treated for stress incontinence with the artificial urinary sphincter had an 82% cure rate. Women had a 92% cure rate.
With time there may be a gradual wasting of the tissue under the cuff. This may make the device less effective.
A replacement artificial sphincter can help maintain continence.
In studies, 60% of the patients who used an artificial sphincter for treating fecal incontinence reported success.
Problems that may develop include:
- Erosion into the surrounding tissue or through the skin
- Failure of the sphincter device
- Infection
Recovery
It is very important for you to carry or wear medical identification to notify health care providers that you have a artificial sphincter. The artificial urethral sphincter must be deactivated whenever urinary catheterization is performed. The artificial rectal sphincter may need to be deactivated during rectal procedures or enemas.
Because the pump mechanism is placed in the labia in women and inside the scrotum in men, you may need to modify some activities (such as bicycle riding) to accommodate this pump.
You must be very attentive to possible signs of infection:
Also watch for signs of erosion:
- Bleeding
- Leakage of urine or stools
- Pain at cuff site
References
Hannaway CD. Fecal incontinence. Abstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2008;35:249-269.
Staskin DR, Comiter CV. Surgical Treatment of Male Sphincteric Urinary Incontinence: The Male Perineal Sling and Artificial Urinary Sphincter. Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA. Wein: Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 74.
Review Date:
5/22/2008
Reviewed By:
Scott M. Gilbert, MD, Department of Urology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
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