Special stains are important diagnostic aids used by the pathologist to evaluate tissue specimens obtained at surgery or at autopsy. In recent years, a new, very valuable tool which has become available is the immunohistochemical stain, particularly the immunoperoxidase stain.

The Histology Section of the Clinical Laboratories now automates this staining process, as can be seen in the photograph to the right. More than 60 antibodies are now available for diagnostic use. Many of these stains can confirm diagnoses which may be suspected after study of the routine hematoxylin and eosin stain and other conventional special stains. In particular, the immunoperoxidase stains are helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the breast, malignant lymphomas, and many other malignancies, as well as some inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Ordinarily, these stains are ordered by the pathologist in charge of the study of a case.

The Department of Pathology currently offers immunohistochemical detection of more than 65 different tissue markers of clinical significance. To see a listing of the available immunohistochemical stains, click on the link at the top left on this page. These procedures employ specific antibodies that will bind to the tissue components of interest if they are present. The presence of antibody-alkaline phosphatase enzyme complexes on the tissue enables the conversion of chromagen Fast Red to a red color, signifying a positive reaction. A hematoxylin counterstain will present the nuclear material in shades of blue. A staff pathologist reviews every stain as a quality control measure. Additional information concerning this service can be obtained by calling 865.305.9089.