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Erythema nodosum

Definition

Erythema nodosum is an inflammatory disorder that is characterized by tender, red nodules under the skin.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

In about half of cases, the exact cause of erythema nodosum is unknown. Some cases may be associated with the following:

• Infections. Some of the more common ones are:
  • Streptococcus (most common)
  • Cat scratch disease
  • Chlamydia
  • Coccidioidomycosis
  • Hepatitis B
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Mononucleosis (EBV)
  • Mycobacteria
  • Mycoplasma
  • Psittacosis
  • Syphilis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Tularemia
  • Yersinia
• Pregnancy
• Sensitivity to certain medications, including:
  • Amoxicillin and other penicillins
  • Sulfonamides
  • Sulfones
  • Oral contraceptives
  • Other antibiotics
  • Progestin

Other associated disorders include leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, rheumatic fever, Bechet's disease, and ulcerative colitis.

The condition is more common in women than it is in men.

Symptoms

Erythema nodosum is most common on the shins, but it may also occur on other areas of the body (buttocks, calves, ankles, thighs, and arms).

The lesions begin as flat, firm, hot, red, painful lumps approximately an inch across. Within a few days they may become purplish, then over several weeks fade to a brownish, flat patch.

Other symptoms may include:

• Fever
• General ill feeling (malaise)
• Joint aches
• Skin redness, inflammation, or irritation
• Swelling of the leg or other affected area

The red and inflamed skin symptoms may regress to a bruise-like appearance.

Signs and tests

The diagnosis is primarily based on the appearance of the skin nodules.

Punch biopsy of a nodule may show characteristic changes (septal panniculitis).

Throat culture may be done to reule out a strep infection.

Chest x-ray may be done to rule out sarcoidosis or tuberculosis.

Treatment

The underlying infection, drug, or disease should be identified and treated. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) may reduce symptoms. An oral potassium iodide (SSKI) solution may produce prompt resolution of the nodules.

Corticosteroids or salicylate medications may be needed to reduce acute inflammation. Analgesics and limitation of activity may be needed to control varying amounts of pain.

Topical therapy is not generally needed, although hot or cold compresses may reduce discomfort.

Support Groups

Expectations (prognosis)

Erythema nodosum is uncomfortable, but it is usually not dangerous. Symptoms typically disappear within about 6 weeks, but may recur.

Complications

Calling your health care provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop symptoms of erythema nodosum.

Prevention

References

Schwartz RA, Nervi SJ. Erythema nodosum: a sign of systemic disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(5):695-700.