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Psoriasis

Definition

Psoriasis is a common skin condition that causes skin redness and irritation. Most people with psoriasis have thick, red skin with flaky, silver-white patches called scales.

Alternative Names

Plaque psoriasis

Causes

Psoriasis is very common. Anyone can get it,  but it most commonly begins between ages 15 and 35.

You cannot catch psoriasis or spread it to others.

Psoriasis seems to be passed down through families. Doctors think it may be an autoimmune condition. This occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.

Usually, skin cells grow deep in the skin and rise to the surface about once a month. When you have psoriasis, this process takes place is too fast. Dead skin cells build up on the skin's surface.

The following may trigger an attack of psoriasis or make the
condition harder to treat:

•            Bacteria or viral infections, including strep throat and upper respiratory infections

•            Dry air or dry skin

•            Injury to the skin, including cuts, burns, and insect bites

•            Some medicines, including antimalaria drugs, beta-blockers, and lithium

•            Stress

•            Too little sunlight

•            Too much sunlight (sunburn)

•            Too much alcohol

Psoriasis may be worse in people who have a weak immune system. This may be due to: 

• AIDS
• Autoimmune disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis)
• Cancer chemotherapy

Some people with psoriasis may also have arthritis (psoriatic arthritis).

Symptoms

Psoriasis can appear suddenly or slowly. Many times, it goes away and then comes back.

The main symptom of the condition is irritated, red, flaky patches of skin. Patches are most often seen on the elbows, knees, and middle of the body, but can appear anywhere including the scalp.

The skin may be:

• Itchy
• Dry and covered with silver, flaky skin (scales)
• Pink-red in color (like the color of salmon)
• Raised and thick

Other symptoms may include:

• Genital sores in males
• Joint pain or aching
• Nail changes, including thick nails, yellow-brown nails, dents in the nail, and nail lifts off from the skin underneath
• Severe dandruff on the scalp

There are five main types of psoriasis:

• Erythrodermic -- The skin redness is very intense and covers a large area.
• Guttate -- Small, pink-red spots appear on the skin.
• Inverse -- Skin redness and irritation occurs in the armpits, groin, and in between overlapping skin.
• Plaque -- Thick, red patches of skin are covered by flaky, silver-white scales. This is the most common type of psoriasis.
• Pustular -- White blisters are surrounded by red, irritated skin.

Exams and Tests

Your doctor or nurse can usually diagnose this condition by looking at your skin.

Sometimes, a skin biopsy is done to rule out other possible conditions. If you have joint pain, your doctor may order x-rays.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to control your symptoms and prevent infection.

Three treatment options are available:

• Skin lotions, ointments, creams, and shampoos. These are called topical treatments.
• Pills or injections that affect the body's immune response, not just the skin. There are called systemic, or body-wide, treatments. 
• Phototherapy, which uses light to treat psoriasis.

TREATMENTS USED ON THE SKIN (TOPICAL)

Most of the time, psoriasis is treated with medications that are placed directly on the skin or scalp. This may include:

• Cortisone creams and ointments
• Creams or ointments that contain coal tar or anthralin
• Creams to remove the scaling (usually salicylic acid or lactic acid)
• Dandruff shampoos (over-the-counter or prescription)
• Moisturizers
• Prescription medicines containing vitamin D or vitamin A (retinoids)

SYSTEMIC (BODY-WIDE) TREATMENTS

If you have very severe psoriasis, your doctor will likely recommend medicines that suppress the immune system's faulty response. These medicines include methotrexate or cyclosporine. Retinoids such as acitretin can also be used.

Newer drugs called biologics are used when other treatments do not work. Biologics approved for the treatment of psoriasis include:

• Adalimumab (Humira)
• Alefacept (Amevive)
• Etanercept (Enbrel)
• Infliximab (Remicade)
• Stelara

 PHOTOTHERAPY

Some people may choose to have phototherapy.

• Phototherapy is a medical treatment in which your skin is carefully exposed to ultraviolet light.
• Phototherapy may be given alone or after you take a drug that makes the skin sensitive to light.
• Phototherapy for psoriasis can be given as ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB) light.

OTHER TREATMENTS

If you have an infection, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics.

AT HOME CARE

Follow these tips at home:

• Taking a daily bath or shower can help your psoriasis. Try not to scrub too hard because this can irritate the skin and trigger an attack.
• Oatmeal baths may be soothing and may help to loosen scales. You can use over-the-counter oatmeal bath products. Or, you can mix 1 cup of oatmeal into a tub of warm water.
• Keeping your skin clean and moist and avoiding your specific psoriasis triggers  may help reduce the nubmer of flare-ups.
• Sunlight may help your symptoms go away. Be careful not to get sunburned.
• Relaxation and antistress techniques may be helpful. The link between stress and flares of psoriasis is not well understood, however.

Support Groups

Some people may benefit from a psoriasis support group.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Psoriasis is a life-long condition that can be controlled with treatment. It may go away for a long time and then return. With proper treatment it does not affect your overall health. Some people with psoriasis have a type of arthritis.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of psoriasis or if the skin irritation continues despite treatment.

Tell your doctor if you have joint pain or fever with your psoriasis attacks.

If you have symptoms of arthritis, talk to your dermatologist or rheumatologist.

Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have a severe outbreak that covers all or most of your body.

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent psoriasis. Keeping the skin clean and moist and avoiding your specific psoriasis triggers may help reduce the number of flare-ups.

Doctors recommend daily baths or showers for persons with psoriasis. Avoid scrubbing too hard, because this can irritate the skin and trigger an attack.

References

Gottlieb A, Korman NJ, Gordon KB, Feldman SR, Lebwohl M, Koo JY, et al. Guidelines for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Section 2. Psoriatic arthritis: overview and guidelines of care for treatment with an emphasis on biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:851-864.

Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets Ca, Feldman SR, Gelfand JM, Gordon KB, et al. American Academy of Dermatology guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Section 3. Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:643-659.

Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Voorhees ASV, Leonardi CL, Gordon KB, et al. Guidelines for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;5:826-850.

Stern RS. Psoralen and ultraviolet a light therapy for psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(7):682-690.

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